Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism) - A condition where one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth.

Hypospadias - A birth defect in boys where the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis.

Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) - An obstruction in the male urethra that can block the flow of urine and affect kidney function.

Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) - A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidneys, increasing the risk of infections.

Bladder and Kidney Anomalies - Includes structural or functional issues that may require surgical correction.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - Recurrent UTIs in children can signal underlying urological abnormalities.

Difficulty or pain while urinating

Swelling in the groin or scrotum

Urinary incontinence (bedwetting in older children)

Frequent or recurrent urinary tract infections

Abnormal urine flow in boys

Swelling of kidneys detected in prenatal scans

Congenital defects (present at birth)

Developmental abnormalities during fetal growth

Genetic factors in some cases

Obstructive conditions like PUV or ureteric anomalies

Infections that may lead to long-term bladder/kidney damage

Surgical Correction - Conditions like hypospadias, undescended testes, and PUV often require early surgical intervention.

Endoscopic Procedures - Minimally invasive techniques to relieve blockages or correct reflux.

Medical Management - For infections, mild reflux, or bladder training, medications and observation may be advised.

Follow-up Imaging & Monitoring - Regular checkups and ultrasound/MCU scans may be required to track kidney and bladder health.

Attend regular pediatric checkups

Follow up on abnormal prenatal scans

Maintain good hygiene to reduce UTIs

Ensure proper toilet habits and hydration

Seek immediate care if symptoms like swelling, pain, or fever occur